Bulgarian Journal of Veterinary Medicine (BJVM)
ISSN 1311-1477
Bulgarian Journal of Veterinary Medicine
VOL. 7, No 3, SEPTEMBER, 2004
CONTENTS
Published by the Trakia University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine,
6000 Stara Zagora, Bulgaria
Volume 7, Number 3, September 2004, Summaries
Haritova, A., H. Djeneva, L. Lashev, P. Sotirova, B. Gyurov, V. Dyankov and M. Stefanova, 2004. Pharmacokinetics and PK/PD modelling of enrofloxacin in Meleagris gallopavo and Gallus domesticus. Bulg. J. Vet. Med., 7, No 3, 139-148.
The pharmacokinetics of enrofloxacin and the PK/PD parameters AUC0-24h/MIC90 and Cmax/MIC90 of the drug were determined in healthy turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo) (n=6) and cocks and hens (Gallus domesticus) (n=6). The pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated on the basis of enrofloxacin concentrations and its active metabolite ciprofloxacin using a microbiological assay. The elimination half-life (t1/2b), the area under the concentration-time curve during a 24-hour dosing period (AUC0-24h) and the total body clearance of intravenously administered enrofloxacin at the dose of 2.5 mg/kg in turkeys and in cocks and hens were 6.05±1.83 h and 5.54±1.07 h; 5.00±0.99 mg.h/ml and 3.90±1.08 mg.h/ml; 8.36±2.03 ml/min.kg and 11.11±3.26 ml/min.kg respectively. Following oral administration at the dose of 5 mg/kg, t1/2b, AUC0-∞ and the bioavailability in turkeys and in cocks and hens were 5.98±2.03 h and 4.92±0.94 h; 6.74±1.60 mg.h/ml and 6.22±2.10 mg.h/ml; 69.85±30.85 % and 87.94±49.53 % respectively. No statistically significant differences were observed between pharmacokinetic parameters of both avian species. The minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC90) of avian Salmonella spp. and Escherichia coli abattoir isolates were 0.5 mg/ml, whereas the AUC0-24 h/MIC and Cmax/MIC90 values were 11.5 h and 14.9 h; 1.6 and 2.0 in turkeys and in cocks and hens respectively. The used dose was assumed to be adequate for treatment of infections caused by very sensitive microorganisms with MIC 0.015 mg/ml.
Key words: enrofloxacin, pharmacokinetics, poultry
Georgiev, P. and Y. Nikolov, 2004. Blood chemical and endocrine changes in sheep with experimental chronic acidosis. Bulg. J. Vet. Med., 7, No 3, 149-153.
Determinations of blood total protein, blood glucose, cholesterol, total lipids, triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4) and cortisol concentrations were performed in 5 sheets at various intervals up to the 60th day post initiation of feeding a diet producing experimental chronic rumen acidosis.
The experimental disease was manifested by various alterations at the different time intervals. The quantity of total protein did not change statistically significantly during the entire period of the study. Blood glucose increased from 2.4 ± 0.11 mmol/L prior to treatment to 4.7 ± 0.08 mmol/L by post treatment day 60.
The levels of cholesterol and total lipids decreased from baseline values of 65.3 ± 5.3 and 246.6 ± 20.3 mg/100mL to 42.2 ± 2.9 and 178.2 ± 9.2 mg/100 mL by day 60, respectively.
The levels of T3, T4 and cortisol exhibited a clear phasic pattern of changes. The pretreatment levels of hormones were 1.14 ± 0.10, 59.0 ± 7.0 and 9.4 ± 2.0 nmol/L respectively. After the treatment, they increased to 1.95 ± 0.08, 98.0 ± 10.0 and 22.0 ± 5.0 nmol/L (by post treatment day 10) and 2.03 ± 0.08, 97.0 ± 6.0 and 26.7 ± 2.7 nmol/L (by the end of the study - day 60) respectively.
Key words: adrenal glands, blood chemistry, lactic acidosis, rumen, sheep, thyroid gland
Chenchev, I., G. Georgiev, N. Nedelchev and Y. Ivanov, 2004. Studies on arteriviral infection in horses in Bulgaria, Bulg. J. Vet. Med., 7, No 3, 155-158.
A total of 227 equine blood sera were tested. One hundred and fifty eight (69.16%) were positive for equine viral arteritis (EVA) infection, including samples from all age groups. The positive samples in all five tested stables were from horses of different categories and breeds. The sera, which were investigated in dilution, showed titers from 1:5 to 1:20 (for screening and minimum 1:40 in individual test).
EVA has to be considered as a major problem of both veterinary and economical importance. Our results showed that the disease was spread widely among horses in Bulgaria. The EVA infection was probably imported by semen.
Our findings were the first positive cases for EVA in Bulgaria.
Key words: equine arteritis virus, equine viral arteritis, EVA, horses
Vachkov, A., M. Lyutskanov, V. Petrov and R. Simeonov, 2004. Experimental Е. coli infection in rabbits - clinical and morphological studies and attempts for control with an acidifyer. Bulg. J. Vet. Med., 7, No 3, 159-165.
An enteropathy was experimentally reproduced in rabbits 2 weeks after weaning via a reference Е. сoli U83/39 (О15:Н-) strain (EPEC). Attempts for control of the artificial infection by an acidifyer were performed.
Two groups of weaned White New Zealand rabbits, fed on pelleted forage with and without supplementation with the acidifyer Biotronic Р® were used. The time for appearance of diarrhoea (incubation period), the clinical manifestation, the course and the outcome of the experimental disease were followed out. The epidemiological parameters morbidity rate, death rate and lethality in both groups were compared.
The results showed that Biotronic Р® did not completely prevent the clinical manifestation of the enteropathy. The effect of its application was manifested as significant decrease in lethality and the cumulative death rate.
Key words: acidifyer, diarrhoea in rabbits, EPEC
Pavlov, A. and P. Chukanski, 2004. Critical control points in assessment of microbiological risk in a small meat-processing enterprise. Bulg. J. Vet. Med., 7, No 3, 167-172.
The studies were performed in a small meat-processing unit whose production is intended for the regional market. Raw ready-to-cook meat products that did not undergo a thermal processing and thus being at a higher risk for consumers were studied. The critical control points (CCP) were determined and corrective actions were realized. The analysis was performed according to the international requirements for this type of industry. The most important critical points were filleting and trimming of meat, the machine processing and packaging. Microbiological tests of production specimens, of machines and units prior to and following the accomplishment of the corrective actions were done.
Key words: HACCP, GMP, ground meat
Vashin, I. T. and T. T. Stoyanchev, 2004. Incidence and microbial diversity of Campylobacter spp. isolates during the slaughterhouse processing of poultry and critical control points of the process. Bulg. J. Vet. Med., 7, No 3, 173-180.
The microbial contamination with Campylobacter spp. was investigated throughout the entire technology of slaughterhouse processing of five herds of broiler chickens. The organism was isolated in 76.2% of studied samples. Campylobacter spp. were present at all stages of the process. Immediately after scalding, the contamination with Campylobacter spp. was the lowest (20%) whereas after evisceration it reached 100%. The contamination of poultry carcasses following the water chilling was 72%. The most frequently isolated Campylobacter organism was C. jejuni (80.9%), followed by C. coli (19.1%). The further differentiation of C. jejuni into subspecies showed that C. jejuni subsp. jejuni was isolated in 69.3% of the specimens while in 30.7% of cases, C. jejuni subsp. doylei was detected.
Our data showed that the defeathering, the evisceration and the water chilling were the critical control points of cross contamination of birds in a poultry slaughterhouse.
Key words: Campylobacter coli, C. jejuni, immersion chilling, poultry, slaughterhouse processing
Mihaуlova, G., G. Gerchev, P. Moeckel and G. Jahreis, 2004. Comparative study on fatty acid content in milk of Tsigay and Karakachan sheep. Bulg. J. Vet. Med., 7, No 3, 181-187.
The study on fatty acid content was performed in bulk sheep milk obtained from Tsigay and Karakachan sheep raised in the Sredna Stara Planina region. Fatty acids were separated by means of a system of 2 gas chromatographs, necessary for the complete separation of the different fatty acids and their isomers. The obtained data showed that the milk of Karakachan sheep was with a higher dry matter, milk fat and total protein content than that of Tsigay sheep. The former breed yielded milk with more short-chain fatty acids compared to the latter one. The Tsigay milk was richer in oleic acid (С18:1 с9) - 20.14%, but with less vaccenic acid content (С18:1 tr11) - 2.73% compared to Karakachan sheep milk (17.46% and 3.40% respectively). Polyunsaturated fatty acids content in Karakachan sheep milk was higher than that in Tsigay sheep milk (7.83 vs 7.26 g/100 g fat). The average content of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) in milk obtained from Tsigay sheep and Karakachan sheep was 26 and 29 mg/g fat respectively.
Key words: CLA, cis- and trans-isomers, fatty acids profile, sheep milk