Bulgarian Journal of Veterinary Medicine (BJVM)
ISSN 1311-1477
Bulgarian Journal of Veterinary Medicine
VOL. 6, No 2, JUNE, 2003
CONTENTS
Published by the Trakia University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine,
6000 Stara Zagora, Bulgaria
Volume 6, Number 2, June 2003, Summaries
Bogdanov, S., A. Imdorf, V. Kilchenmann, J.D. Charriere and P. Fluri, 2003. The contaminants of the bee colony. Bulg. J. Vet. Med., 6, No 2, 59-70.
The contamination sources of the bee colony can roughly be divided into environmental and apicultural ones. The environmental sources can be further divided in agricultural and non-agricultural ones. The following environmental sources were examined: heavy metals, radioactivity and pesticides. The contamination of bee products by these sources is relatively small and the levels found are non-toxic for humans. The bees seem to have a filtering effect, leaving honey relatively free of toxic contaminants. The contamination of pollen, wax and propolis is greater than that of honey. Pollen quality is mostly endangered by pesticides.
The apicultural sources include varroacides, antibiotics, paradichlorobenzene etc. Synthetic varroacides are the most important sources for contamination, as they have to be used for long-term varroa control. The acaricide levels, found in the different products after treatment with the different acaricides, decrease in the following order: brood combs > honey combs >> sugar feed ³ honey. The contamination level of the brood combs, found in our study, is: bromopropylate > coumaphos and fluvalinate. Non toxic acaricides as organic acids and thymol will not endanger honey quality, if applied after the prescriptions. During honey control activities of the Swiss Canton Laboratories, residues of antibiotics, used for the control of American foul brood were found. The measurements in 1999 to 2001 showed that one third of the imported honey contained antibiotics, while 6 to 9 % of the Swiss honeys were contaminated, mostly by sulfathiazole. Some beekeepers use paradichlorobenzene (PDCB) for the control of wax moth. This substance was found in about 30 % of all analysed Swiss honeys. Residues coming from wood protectants of bee hive, honey harvest and storage are also discussed. The results show that the main contamination danger for bee products originates in a lesser extent from the environment, than from the apicultural practice. Antibiotics are the most likely contaminants of honey. Acaricides are the most important contaminants of wax and propolis.
Key words: bee products, beeswax, honey quality, contamination, pollution, propolis, residues
Georgiev, I. Penchev, D.J. Dimitrova and T. Mircheva Georgieva, 2003. Non-invasive evaluation of local tissue tolerance after intramuscular injection of tobramycin in rabbits. Bulg. J. Vet. Med., 6, No 2, 71-76.
This study was performed to investigate the local tissue reaction in response to intramuscular (i.m.) injection of tobramycin in rabbits assessed by the determination of serum creatine kinase (CK) activity at several hours post-injection. Twelve clinically healthy cross breed rabbits (Wien blue x Chinchila) of both sexes were used. The rabbits were divided into 2 groups: control group (n=6), treated with saline to test the effect of injection volume and experimental group (n=6), treated with tobramycin, to test the effect of the active substance. Both tobramycin and saline were administered by a single intramuscular injection into the right site of the neck. Blood samples for CK analysis were drawn from v. auricularis lateralis by venfflon canule before injection (0 h) and 4, 6, 8, 12, 24, 30 and 48 h after injection. Serum CK activity increased markedly in tobramycin treated group, reaching peak values at hour 8. The postinjection values of serum CK activity in the experimental group remained significantly higher than in the pre-treatment period until 30th h. The i.m. administration of the same volume of saline caused a slight and transient increase of serum CK activity. In conclusion, this study provides evidence for a mild local tissue damaging effect of i.m. injection of tobramycin in rabbits manifested by a moderate elevation of serum CK activity at several post-injection hours.
Key words: creatine kinase, rabbits, tobramycin
Kokosharov, T., M. Alexandrov, S. Lazarova and I. Hristov, 2003. Study on the adherence and the invasiveness of a Salmonella Gallinarum strain in chickens. Bulg. J. Vet. Med., 6, No 2, 77-83.
Following a laparotomy, a 5 cm ligated ileal loop was created in salmonella-free 2 month-old female broiler chickens and then, it was inoculated with 0.2 mL 1×109 Salmonella Gallinarum organisms. By min 30 and 60 post inoculation, bacteriological investigations of viscera and intestines were performed. By min 30 and hours 1, 2, 4, 6 and 8 post inoculation, specimens from the ileal loop were submitted to a histological light microscopic and scanning electron microscopic (SEM) examination. The pathogen was reisolated as early as min 30 and later, by min 60 from viscera and intestines. Pathohistologically, a hypercellularity of propria and a considerable number of migrating pseudoeosinophils among the epithelium of the mucosa were observed. Distinct bacterial cell clusters were observed only withing the intestinal lumen, using the Warthin-Starry method. There were also aggregates of necrotic cells (pseudoeosinophils) in the centre of intestinal lumen. They were pyknotic, with fragmented nuclei.The SEM study revealed adhesions of a big number of bacterial cells on bursa Fabricii. Lymphoid cells were most probably the infection atrium under natural conditions. Our results showed that when an intestinal loop was prepared, S. Gallinarum migrated through the intestinal mucosa layers and entered the circulation, thus causing a systemic infection. At the same time, the products of S. Gallinarum were responsible for the exudative cellular inflammatory morphological changes of intestinal wall. An apoptosis was also present, most probably due to bacterial enterotoxin.
Key words: adhesiveness, apoptosis, invasiveness, Salmonella Gallinarum
Jukna, Ch., V. Jukna and A. Shimkus, 2003. The effect of some probiotic preparations on calves' growth. Bulg. J. Vet. Med., 6, No 2, 85-93.
The experiments were carried out at the Practical Training and Experimental Center of the Lithuanian Veterinary Academy with Lithuanian Black & White calves. The effect of probiotic preparations YEASTURE, MICROBOND and LACTURE, produced by “Cenzone” (USA) on 1-6 months old calves’ growth was studied. Two kilograms of the probiotic preparations were mixed with 1 tonne of the concentrates for experimental animals. The average weight gain of calves, given YEASTURE, MICROBOND and LACTURE was respectively by 8.9, 3.3 and 6 % higher than in the control group. The digestibility of diet nutrients was improved as followed: for dry matter – by 0.95%, 0.8% and 1.45%, for organic matter – 0.85%, 0.62% and 2.03%, fat – 0.55 %, 1.23% and 2.57%, protein – 1.86%, 0.92% and 1.02%, fiber – 2.0%, 0.8% and 1.3% for YEASTURE, MICROBOND and LACTURE, respectively. These probiotic preparations had no negative effect on the physiological status of calves. The haematological parameters varied within the physiological range and indicated a good physiological status of calves. The probiotic preparations studied enhanced the immune system of the calves.
The results of the control slaughter and meat quality clearly demonstrated that the probiotics YEASTURE and MICROBOND had no significant effect on the carcass output and the coefficient of succulence. A tendency towards decreased humidity (by 1.08% and 2.16% respectively) and higher amount of fat (by 0.52% and 1.22% respectively) was observed. The gustatory characteristics of the meat improved.
Key words: calves, carcass output, digestibility, LACTURE, meat quality, MICROBOND, probiotics, weight gain, YEASTURE
Simeonov, R.S. and G.P. Simeonova, 2003. Experimental provocation of mucoid ente-ropathy symptoms in rabbits via ligation of caecal segments, Bulg. J. Vet. Med., 6, No 2, 95-101.
The symptoms of mucoid enteropathy in rabbits were reproduced via ligation of separate caecal segments in order to study the role of obstruction in the aetiopathogenesis of the disease. The experiment was performed in 20 rabbits from the same breed and age, housed and fed under uniform conditions. They were divided into 2 groups with 5 male and 5 female animals in each, used in 2 experimental models.
The pathoanatomical and histopathological findings were described.
The results of the experiment showed that the symptoms of mucoid enteropathy in rabbits could be reproduced via ligation of caecal segments. The symptoms were provoked in 50% of rabbits with ligation against Ampulla ilei (Sacculus rotundus) and in 70% of rabbits with ligation between the caecal body and the appendix. The number of diseased animals, the mortality rate and the severity of enteropathy increased paralelly to the distance between the ligature and the ileocaecal valve. Our results confirmed the hypothesis that the ligation of large intestinal segments resulted in release of toxins in ligated segment, that stimulated the local production of mucus and damaged the other organs after absorption through the injuried mucosa. Therefore, the symptoms of mucoid enteropathy could be considered as toxin-induced secretory disease, that probably developed consequently to direct or vegetative irritation of the caecum.
Key words: mucoid enteropathy, rabbit disease
Dimitrov, M., A. Vodenicharov, V. Ilievski and I. Borissov, 2003. Clinical and morphological changes in the uterus during the various phases of post partum period in cows. Bulg. J. Vet. Med., 6, No 2, 103-109.
163 cows from the Black and White and Bulgarian Brown Cattle breeds, liable to slaughter, were investigated between post parturient days 1 and 50. Out of them, 77 were with a normal parturition (group I) and 76 - with retention of placenta (group II). All cows were submitted to gynaecological examination for determination of uterine horn length and diameter, uterine wall consistency, the presence of uterine content and fluctuations and the status of the uterine artery.
After slaughtering, in a total of 127 cows (67 from group I and 66 from group II), the weight of the uterus, the length and the diameter of the pregnant uterine horn were determined. In 13 cows (6 from group I and 7 from group II), the dimensions of uterine caruncles were determined. In another 13 cows (7 from group I and 6 from group II), uterine angiography was performed at different intervals of the post parturient period and the span of the uterine artery was measured. In 10 cows (7 from group I and 3 from group II) during in life phase, biopsy specimens for histological examination at different periods of the post parturient period were obtained.
It was found out that uterine weight, the diameter and the length of the pregnant uterine horn decreased up to post parturient day 30. The size of caruncles in cows with a normal parturition decreased rapidly and by post parturient day 7 their dimensions were 40% of those at day 1. In the cows from group II this process was delayed and the respective carucle size was 60% of that at day 1.
The rectal palpation of the uterine artery showed that the vibration disappeared up to days 4-5, and in cases of complications - up to days 8-9. The dimensions of the uterine artery at post parturient day 1 were on the average 15 ± 2.1 mm in the pregnant horn and 10 ± 1.6 mm of the opposite horn. The angiography demonstrated tangential and transverse cross-sections through highly convoluted spiral arteries.
On the basis of our results it could be suggested that the size of uterus was most indicative for its restoration after parturition.
Key words: blood vessels, cows, puerperium
Koinarski, V., 2003. A comparative study on anticoccidial efficiency of semduramicin in broiler chickens infected with Eimeria tenella. Bulg. J. Vet. Med., 6, No 2, 111-117.
The antococcidial activity of semduramicin (Aviax, Phibro Animal Health) was tested and compared to monensin (Monensin, Eli Lilly) and maduramicin (Cygro, Cyanamid Co).
The experiment was performed on 100 14-days old broiler chickens. The birds were divided into 5 experimental groups of 20 chickens in each. The anticoccidials were added to the fodder of birds. Group I received semduramicin at 25 ppm, group II - monensin at 100 ppm and group III - maduramicin at 5 ppm (the concentration refers to the active substance). The birds from group IV were infected and untreated (positive controls) while those from group V were non-infected and untreated (negative controls). Two days following the administration of each coccidiostatic, the birds from groups I, II, III and IV were individually infected with 8.104 sporulated Eimeria tenella oocysts. The clinical signs and feed conversion ratio, the changes in blood haemoglobin content and haematocrit values were followed out at the beginning and at the end of the experiment. Seven days after the infection all birds were killed for determination of anticoccidial index. The experiments showed that semduramicin exhibited a high anticoccidial activity in broiler chickens, experimentally infected with E. tenella. Similar results were obtained following the application of maduramicin, whereas the results for monensin were unsatisfactory.
Key words: broiler chickens, Eimeria tenella, maduramicin, monensin, semduramicin
Dinev, I., 2003. Incidence of canine neoplasms - a retrospective histopathological study. III. Genital tract tumours. Bulg. J. Vet. Med., 6, No 2, 119-129.
A histopathological study of 85 neoplastic specimens obtained from dogs, referred to the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Trakia University - Stara Zagora, was performed. The tumours were classified according to the criteria of the World Health Organization.
The tumours of female reproductive organs were 68.23% of all cases, while those of male - 31.77%. The percentages of tumours localized on external vs those on the internal reproductive organs were 51.76% and 16.47% in bitches and 4.7% and 27.07% in male dogs, respectively.
Histologically, the benign variants of smooth muscle (leiomyoma, 29.42%) and those of connective tissue origin (fibroma, 9.42%) predominated in female animals. In males, two principal seminal tumours were encountered: seminoma (11.74%) and sertolioma (8.23%).
The average age of bitches with genital tract neoplasms was 9.25 and that of males - 6.87 years (8.6 years for both genders. The highest breed-related predisposition was observed in female Bologneses (21.17%) and male Collies (7.09%).
Key words: dogs, genital tract, incidence of neoplasms, tumours