Bulgarian Journal of Veterinary Medicine (BJVM)
ISSN 1311-1477
Bulgarian Journal of Veterinary Medicine
VOL. 3, No 4, DECEMBER, 2000
CONTENTS
Published by the Trakia University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine,
6000 Stara Zagora, Bulgaria
Volume 3, Number 4, December 2000, Summaries
Nikitin, I. N. and A. I. Akmullin, 2000. Standardization of the work of veterinary employees in rural regions in the conditions of market-oriented economy transition. Bulg. J. Vet. Med., 3, No 4, 147152.
With regard to provide optimal veterinary services to agricultural enterprises, rural and private farms of people living in one rural region of Tatarstan, we propose standards for the required legal amount of work and the time for attendance of one animal by veterinary specialists as well as a scientifically determined veterinary staff needs.
Key words: animal attendance, standardization, veterinary services
Gulubova, M., A. Vodenicharov, P. Hadjipetkov, I. Vasilev and A. Popov, 2000. Mast cells presence in the biliary duct of patients with secondary chronic cholangitis. Bulg. J. Vet. Med., 3, No 4, 153162.
The distribution of toluidine blue stained mast cells was evaluated in 38 biliary ducts (Ductus choledochus), collected from patients with secondary chronic cholangitis with different inflammatory activities. The mast cells counts in chronic exacerbated and chronic sclerotic cholangitis were significantly higher as compared to that in controls (45.75 cells/mm2 and 19.5 cells/mm2 vs. 5.9 cells /mm2, p<0.0001, Student's t-test). The increased mast cells counts in chronic exacerbated cholangitis was observed in areas with strong inflammatory infiltration, active fibroplasia, and epithelial hyperplasia. The lowered mast cells counts in chronic sclerotic cholangitis was detected in areas with scarce inflammatory infiltration, non-active fibrosis and epithelial dysplasia. The ultrastructural examination revealed granules' diversity and appearance of new types of granules. Mast cells in the choledochal wall were mainly of the mucosal phenotype. It was supposed that choledochal mast cells may initiate epithelial repair and dysplastic transformation. The role of mast cells in chronic inflammation and fibrosis, caused by bile acid retention was discussed.
Key words: mast cells, biliary duct, human, toluidine blue, alciane blue, safranin, ultrastructure
Hadjiev, G., V. Bumbarov, Y. Ivanov and G. Kostov, 2000. Preparation of diagnostic agents - ingredients for ELISA and use of double sandwich procedures for detection of antigens and antibodies in avian influenza A (grippe). Bulg. J. Vet. Med., 3, No 4, 163170.
Type-specific antigens from horioallantoic membranes (HAM) and allanto-amnionic fluids (AAF) of chicken embryos (CE) , infected with a referent avian influenza virus strain (AIV) subtype H2, as well as corresponding hyperimmune rabbit and guinea pig sera were prepared. The latter, being highly specific and with a high sensitivity, were used as ingredients in an indirect double-sandwich ELISA procedure for detection of type-specific antigen of AIV and antibodies against it in a blockade double sandwich ELISA procedure.
The results of blockade ELISA, applied to 916 hen sera from different farms from different regions of the country and to 11 sera from wild birds revealed no antibodies against AIV. Seven hundred and sixty eight of these sera where parallely studied in agar gel immunodiffusion (AGID) test and the results were negative as well.
The studies, performed in the period 1993-1998 for isolation of AIV in CE from viscera of 212 carcasses from 13 domestic and wild avian species, gave negative results.
Key words: antibodies, antigens, ELISA, influenza
Gardevska, I.M., 2000. Auxotrophic Salmonella Typhimurium mutant with two attenuating markers as a live vaccine in avian salmonelloses. Bulg. J. Vet. Med., 3, No 4, 171178.
The present study was performed on a Salmonella Typhimurium strain 1771 mutant, used as a live vaccine for oral immunization of chickens.The changes in the local immune response were studied via the passive haemagglutination reaction (PHR) and ELISA, immunohistochemically and by elecron microscopy. The protective activity was determined following challenge of immunized chickens with a virulent S. Typhimurium strain. It was found out that the S. Typhimurium strain 1771 induced a strong immune response of a secondary type after the reimmunization as early as the first vaccination. The most evident changes were observed in the lymphoid tissue of the gastrointestinal tract one week after the reimmunization, manifested by high coproantibody titers and a strong lymphoid tissue proliferation in small intestines. The oral application of S. Typhimurium strain 1771 exerted a powerful antigenic stimulus upon the mucoid-binded lymphoid tissue in chickens. After the challenge with a virulent strain, a good protective activity persisting for a month, manifested by a rapid clearance of the virulent strain and a high survival rate of chickens were observed. The results showed the advantages of the double-marker auxotrophic S. Typhimurium strain 1771 mutant in the immunoprophylaxis of avian salmonelloses.
Key words: chickens, immune response, live vaccine, oral immunization, protection, Salmonella Typhimurium
Kokosharov, T. P., 2000. Study upon the production of several enzymes from Salmonella Gallinarum strains. Bulg. J. Vet. Med., 3, No 4, 179184.
The study was performed on 10 Salmonella Gallinarum strains, isolated from birds with acute fowl thyphoid. The capacity of bacteria to produce phosphatases, DNA-ase, proteases, catalase, lysozyme, lipase, the binding to crystal violet and the antilysozyme activity were studied. The virulence of strains was tested via subcutaneous injection of bacterial suspension in the hind paw of adult white mice and evaluation of the resulting oedema. The liver colonization was determined as well. The studies showed that all strains produced actively alkaline and acid phosphatases, catalase and caused proteolysis. They varied with regard to their lipase activity. Seventy percents of all strains were DNA-ase positive, 30% were bound to crystal violet. None of the tested strains produced lysozyme. A high virulence (4+ grade) was manifested by 40% of the strains that were also characterized by their property to inactivate lysozyme in a concentration of 25-12.5 mg/ml. This was the only biochemical marker related to Salmonella Gallinarum strains virulence.
Key words: enzyme activity, Salmonella Gallinarum, virulence.
Haritova, A., D. Pashov and L. Lashev, 2000. Ampicillin pharmacokinetics after single administration and after co-administration of metamizole or dexamethasone. Bulg. J. Vet. Med., 3, No 4, 185198.
The pharmacokinetics of ampicillin (AMP) was investigated after single i.v. and i.m. introduction in sheep at 10 mg/kg and after simultaneous i.m. administration of metamizole at 30 mg/kg and dexamethasone at 4 mg/sheep twice with 24 h interval. After solely i.v. AMP injection (as bolus), the elimination half-life (t1/2b, the volume of distribution (Vdarea), volume of the central compartment (Vc), volume of the peripheral compartment (Vt) and the area under the concentration vs. time curve (AUC) were 0.92±0.21 h, 1.21±0.26 l/kg, 0.28±0.05 l/kg, 0.296±0.03 l/kg and 11.07±0.89 mg.h/ml, respectively. The maximum milk concentrations of AMP (Cmax), area under the milk concentration vs. time curve (AUCmilk) and the ratio AUCmilk/AUCserum were 0.149±0.02 mg/ml, 1.23±0.16 mg.h/ml and 0.11±0.009, respectively.
Under the influence of metamizole, statistically significant changes occurred: increase in Vt (0.946±0.23 l/kg) and the total body clearance (ClB=20.98±1.76 ml/kg/min), and decrease in AUCserum (8.20±0.62 mg.h/ml). The values of Cmax for milk (0.09±0.01 mg/ml), AUCmilk (0.68±0.07 mg.h/ml) and AUCmilk./AUCserum (0.08±0.003) were also significantly decreased. There were no statistically significant changes after i.v. AMP administration under the influence of dexamethasone.
After solely i.m. administration of AMP the t1/2b, Cmax, tmax and Fabs were 0.57±0.05 h, 9.69±1.09 mg/ml, 0.33±0.05 h and 98.69 %, respectively. The pharmacokinetic parameters of AMP in serum determined after its i.m. application were not changed by dexamethasone co-administration, whereas those in milk manifested increased Cmax (0.092 ± 0.015 mg/ml; p<0.05) and tmax (3.6 ± 0.4 h; p<0.05) values.
Key words: ampicillin, dexamethasone, drug interactions, metamizole, pharmacokinetics, sheep
Georgieva, D., V. Ts. Koinarski, A. I. Ivanov, P. N. Prelesov and Z. T. Kirkova, 2000. Role of wild carnivores in the epizootology and epidemiology of trichinellosis. Bulg. J. Vet. Med., 3, No 4, 199204.
The ocurrence of trichinellosis in wild carnivores and their role in the epizootology and epidemiology of the disease was studied. In the period 1995-2000, 78 foxes, 45 jackals, 18 wolves, 21 martens, 16 wild cats, 6 badgers and 2 otters, shot in different regions of the mountains East Stara Planina and Sredna Gora, were necropsized. Twenty-four pieces from crura diaphragmatica obtained from each animal, were studied through trichinelloscopy.
The highest extensity of invasion (EI) was found out in martens. From all 21 martens, 13 (61.9%) were invaded by trichinellae. The positive results for the other wild animal species were as followed: 42.3% for foxes; 33.3% for jackals; 22.2% for wolves, 31.3% for wild cats and 33.3% for badgers. No trichinellae were present in the muscle samples taken from otters.
Those results show that the trichinellosis agent is circulating in nature among various wild carnivore species. They play an important role in the ecology of trichinellosis as reservoir of the infection and source for its transfer in synantropic foci.
Key words: badgers, foxes, jackals, martens, otters, Trichinella spiralis, trichinellosis, wild cats, wolves.
Prelesov, P. N., 2000. Determination and taxonomic features of the Menopon gallinae Linnaeus, 1758 (Phtiraptera-Insecta) species in chickens (Gallus gallus domesticus) in Bulgaria. Bulg. J. Vet. Med., 3, No 4, 205214.
The study presents the first description of Menopon gallinae L., 1758 encountered on chickens in Bulgaria. Both 2312 male and female birds (Gallus gallus domesticus) were studied in 97 settlements from 21 regions of the country. A total of 3826 individuals from the forementioned species were collected.
A detailed description of the principal parts of the body and the taxonomic features in male and female imago of the species are performed. Fourteen biometric parameters were followed out in both genders.
Key words: chewing lice, chicken, ectoparasites, Mallophaga, morphology