Bulgarian Journal of Veterinary Medicine (BJVM)
ISSN 1311-1477
Bulgarian Journal of Veterinary Medicine
VOL. 2, No 4, December, 1999
CONTENTS
Published by the Trakia University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine,
6000 Stara Zagora, Bulgaria
Volume 2, Number 4, December 1999, Summaries
Tyagunenko, Y., P. Sotirova, K. Rachkova, V. Urumova, I. Dukova, G. Lazarova, D. Rukanova, H. Djeneva, 1999. Study on the drug resistance of Staphylococcus aureus, isolated from humans and animals. I. Comparative analysis of the antibiotical resistance of Staphylococcus aureus isolates from hospital patients and animals. Bulg. J. Vet. Med., 2, No 4, 143151.
The sensitivity of 100 hospital isolates and 30 strains of Staphylococcus aureus obtained from animals (dogs, birds, ruminants) to 20 antibiotics was determined according to Bauer-Kirby. The analysis was performed through comparitive study upon the resistance percentages and their confidence limits and the cumulative percentage curves as well. All strains were in vitro sensitive to cephalotin, cefuroxime, imipenem, meropenem and vancomycin. Human isolates were significantly more resistant compared to animal ones to penicillin (95.0% and 13.3% respectively), oxacillin (32.0% and 6.7%), tetracycline (40.0% and 20.0%), polymixin B (85.0% and 13.3%). Thirty-three percents of human Staphylococcus aureus strains and none of animal isolates were methicillin/oxacillin-resistant. A resistance of hospital isolates to ceftazidime (36.0%), gentamicin (29.0%), amikacin (18.0%), tobramycin (30.0%), rifamycin (12.0%) was observed, while all animal isolates were sensitive. On the contrary, the latter were more resistant to erythromycin (46.7% and 23.0% respectively), lincomycin (30.0 and 4.0%), clindamycin (20.0% and 3.0%), ciprofloxacin (10.0% and 6.0%), pefloxacin (16.7% and 9.0%) and chloramphenicol (23.0% and 16.0%) compared to human strains. The differences observed could be explained with the particularities of the application of antibacterial agents in both ecosystems. In humans, especially in hospitals, the intensive use of b-lactame antibiotics and aminoglycosides is common, while in veterinary practice their use is limited. The wide application of the macrolide tylosin in animals resulted in higher resistance to erythromycin and lincosamides because of the cross-resistance. Recently, the wider use of enrofloxacin in animals could probably explain the results obtained for fluoroquinolones. The cumulative curves corresponded to the percentages of resistance.
Key words: Staphylococcus aureus, antibiotics, drug resistance, human isolates, animal isolates.
Haritova, A. and V. Atanassova, 1999. Pharmacokinetics of amikacin in rabbits following a single intravenous administration and co-administration with anti-inflammatory drugs. Bulg. J. Vet. Med., 2, No 4, 153160.
The pharmacokinetics of amikacin administered independently intravenously and after intramuscular administration of metamizole and dexamethasone in rabbits have been studied. Differences in the pharmacokinetics of amikacin between the single administration and the simultaneous administration with netamizole and dexamethasone have been established. Under the influence of metamizole, there was a tendency towards prolongation of the biological half-life and the MRT. Tendencies in the opposite direction were determined after the treatment with dexamethasone. The AUC values after the application of dexamethasone were statistically significantly decreased. We assumed that those differences had to be considered in the calculation of amikacin dosage when it is used simultaneously with metamizole or dexamethasone.
Key words: amikacin, metamizole, dexamethasone, pharmacokinetics
Bachvarova, J., P. Elitzina, Y. Tzvetkov, B. Likov, Y. Boikovski, B. Giurov, V. Naidenov, I. Bardarov, S. Savova, Z. Baychev. 1999. Epizootological analysis of animal tuberculosis in the period of transition towards market economy. Bulg. J. Vet. Med., 2, No 4, 161170.
Tuberculosis is a zoonosis, occupying the first place among infectious diseases during the period of transition towards market economy and reorganization in agriculture. In a complex epizootic environment, with close contacts among people, domestic animals and different game species, a strong and constant control is necessary. This is especially important under the circumstances of emerging small and large farms. Trend analysis outlined a decrease in the number of farms with tuberculosis. The incidence of the diseases appeared however be unchanged or even increased in family farms. The resuls from the range index showed that in cases of cattle tuberculosis, the disease was not limited to a single farm but was spread over two or multiple. The natural occurrence of tuberculosis among boars required clarification of the role and significance of the different game species in the epizootic chain. The importance of avian tuberculosis also increased with the development of poultry-farming in small private farms where a direct contact between people and different animals species existed. The research in this field had a major health-related, social and economical impact for both science and practice.
Key words: tuberculosis, zoonosis, epizootological control, cattle, game, birds.
Koinarski, V., M. Lyutskanov, V. Urumova, 1999. Effect of an artificial Eimeria tenella invasion upon an experimental Salmonella isangi infection in broiler-chickens. Bulg. J. Vet. Med., 2, No 4, 171176.
The effect of an Eimeria tenella invasion upon the course and the duration of an experimental Salmonella isangi infection in hatchlings has been studied. The experiment was performed with 150 five-days old chickens, divided into 5 groups. The first group was challenged only with S. isangi. The second group was preliminary invaded with E. tenella and after 24 hours, infected with S. isangi. The birds from the third group were preliminary infected with S. isangi and following three days - invaded with E. tenella. The chickens from the fourth group were invaded with eimeriae, without salmonellous challenge and the fifth group was intact (control group). The examinations for the presence of salmonella in parenchymal organs and caeca were performed at the end of weeks 1, 2, 3 after the last challenge. The caecal changes (lesion index) and the oocyst carriership (oocyst index) were determined for the whole experimental period. In chickens invaded with eimeriae, a carriership of salmonellae was observed up to 2 weeks after the challenge while noninvaded birds were free from bacteria as early as the end of the first week. The lesion and oocyst index were higher in chickens with mixed invasion and infection. In part of the birds with a mixed infection, a systemic Escherichia coli infection was also present at the end of the 2nd and the 3rd weeks.
Key words: infection, salmonellosis, oocysts, Eimeria tenella , Salmonella isangi.
Boeva-Bangyosova, V.G., Z.E. Ivanova, 1999. Current status and prospects of echinococcosis control in the Republic of Bulgaria. Bulg. J. Vet. Med., 2, No 4, 177190.
On the basis of a retrospection, four periods in the organization of echinococcosis control in the Republic of Bulgaria could be accepted: first period (1950-1970), characterized with initiation of organized and systemic echinococcosis control in 1960. Several state documents appeared, regulating the precautions for restriction of echinococcosis. The second period (1971-1983) was characterized with specialization, concentration and modernization of agriculture. A powerful veterinary control was created. The source of the infection was strongly restricted and the morbidity rate of men and animals - decreased. The registration of this disease in humans was introduced for the first time. The third period (1984-1996) was remarkable with the tendency towards continuous increase in echinococcosis morbidity rate in both men and animals. Because of the severe economical crisis, the administrative authorities did not respect their obligations for restriction of invasion sources. A part of the incinerator network was closed, the number of stray dogs increased beyond any control. The fourth period (from 1997 to nowadays) is characterized with the appearance of important normative documents for the privatization of the state veterinary services and the restoration of the private veterinary practice. Analyzing the achievements and the disadvantages in our country, the authors propose a scheme for echinococcosis control in Bulgaria.
Key words: echinococcosis , helminthic zoonosis, dehelminthization, morbidity rate, lethality, extensity of invasion, intensity of invasion, organization of echinococcosis control.
Kostova,T., M. Halacheva, V. Marinova, G. Filipova, 1999. Studies on the presence of antibodies against Toxoplasma gondii in dogs and the role of cats in the distribution of toxoplasmosis. Bulg. J. Vet. Med., 2, No 4, 191196.
A serological study of different types of dogs (domestic, stray, working) with regard to the occurrence of antibodies against T. gondii was performed. Two serological methods - the reaction of indirect immunofluorescence (RIIF) and the reaction of passive haemagglutination (RPHA) were used. Seroreagents were determined in 11.2% of studied animals by RIIF and in 27.78% by RPHA. The highest percent of seroreagents was observed in stray dogs.
One hundred and twenty fecal samples from domestic cats were analysed for the presence of oocycts. In two samples, Isospora spp. oocycts were observed, but no Toxoplasma oocycts were present.
An experimental invasion of cats with the vegetative forms of Toxoplasma gondii was made with the aim to elucidate the morphology, the prepatent and patent periods. It was observed that the duration of oocysts release was four days.
A morphological characteristics of T. gondii oocycts was performed.
Key words: toxoplasmosis, T. gondii, dog, cat
Dinev, I. 1999. Clinical and morphological studies on spontaneous myelocytomatosis in layer-hens associated with other neoplasms. II. Pathomorphological studies on an unusually high incidence of mixed mesenchymal tumours. Bulg. J. Vet. Med., 2, No 4, 197206.
The morphological characteristics of mixed mesenchymal tumours with an unusually high occurrence, associated with enzootic myelocytomatosis in layer hens was described. The clinical and morphological features of the enzooty consisted in pure myelocytomatosic lesions in part of the birds, in simultaneous occurrence of the latter together with other neoplasiae in another part of the birds and tumours only without leucotic changes in in the rest have been observed. Mixed tumours with two-, three- and four-component parenchyma were observed. Their characteristics depended on the tendency of parenchymal elements towards a definite type of differentiation of the connective tissue. As to the location, gastrointestinal tumours prevailed, followed by those of the reproductive system, bones and muscles. In part of the hens, the stroma of mixed tumours showed myelocytomatous growths as well.
Key words: myelocytomatosis, tumours, poultry, avian leukosis viruses.