ISSN 1311-1477 (print); ISSN 131-3543 (online)
VOLUME 19, NUMBER 4, DECEMBER 2016
CONTENTS
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M. V. HRISTOV & R. D. PESHEV Bulg. J. Vet. Med., 19, No 4, pp. 263-273 |
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E. S. AJIBOLA, J. O. OYEWALE & B. O. OKE Bulg. J. Vet. Med., 19, No 4, pp. 274-280 |
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M. KARAMI KHEIRABAD, B. NAMAVAR JAHROMI, F. RAHMANIFAR, A. TAMADON, M.
OWJFARD, N. TANIDEH & O. KOOHI-HOSSEINABADI Bulg. J. Vet. Med., 19, No 4, pp. 281-289 |
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A. ALIABADI, A. JAVAHERI, A. ESFANDIARI & H. GHAHRAMANI |
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D. SYLEJMANI, N. RAMADANI, A. ROBAJ & A. HAMIDI |
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L. IVANOV, M. HRISTOV & R. PESHEV |
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A. CHALMEH, M. POURJAFAR, S. NAZIFI, F. MOMENIFAR & M. MOHAMADI |
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B. GOLIC, O. STEVANOVIC, D. N. NEDIC & J. MARIC |
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I. KALKANOV, I. DINEV, K. DIMITROV & P. ILIEV |
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G. MIHAYLOV, I. TSACHEV, V. PETROV, P. MARUTSOV, G.
ZHELEV, K. KOEV & R. MIHAYLOV |
Published by the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Trakia
University,
6000 Stara Zagora, Bulgaria
Volume 19, Number 4, December 2016, Summaries
Hristov, M. V. & R. D. Peshev, 2016. Isolation and identification of malignant catarrhal fever virus in cell cultures. Bulg. J. Vet. Med., 19, No 4, 263–273. DOI: 10.15547/bjvm.935.
Malignant catarrhal fever (MCF) is a fatal disease syndrome responsible for mortality in domestic and wild ruminant species. MCF is caused by gammaherpesviruses – the ovine herpesvirus type 2 causing sheep-associated malignant catarrhal fever (SA-MCF) and alcelaphine herpesvirus type 1 known as wildebeest-associated MCF (WA-MCF). The present study described the cultural peculiarities of MCF virus isolated from different samples originated from dead and alive wild animals from the Sofia Zoo. MDBK, EBTR, RK, MA-104 and VERO cell cultures were used for the isolation of MCF virus. The best growth of viruses was observed on MDBK cell cultures. The CPE was characterised with forming of the syncytium and destruction of the monolayers 2–3 days after the virus adaptation. The CPE was different for obtained isolates. The isolates from gaur formed a bigger cell syncytium than that in the cell cultures infected with buffy coat from bisons where a cell syncytium of smaller size and shape was observed. The virus identification was performed by biochemical methods and PCR.
Key words:
cell cultures, cytopathic effect, malignant catarrhal fever (MCF), PCR,
wild ruminants
Ajibola, E. S., J. O. Oyewale & B. O. Oke, 2016. M-mode left ventricular echocardiographic indices of trypanosoma brucei infected dogs. Bulg. J. Vet. Med., 19, No 4, 274–280. DOI: 10.15547/bjvm.960.
This study is aimed at understanding the structural and functional changes that could occur in the left ventricle of dogs acutely infected with Trypanosoma brucei. Twenty clinically healthy adult dogs of both sexes with an average weight of 8.4 kg were used for the study. They were divided into infected and uninfected groups of fifteen and five dogs, respectively. Each dog was intra-peritoneally inoculated with 1 ml of phosphate buffered saline (PBS) diluted blood containing 1x106 of lafenwa strain of T. brucei. M-mode echocardiogram of the left ventricle was obtained from right parasternal short axis view before and at sixteen days after infection. The internal dimension indices were recorded by the in-built caliper of an ultrasound machine and functional indices obtained using appropriate formula. In both systole and diastole, the left ventricular internal dimensional indices of infected dogs were significantly lower than values obtained for uninfected dogs (p<0.05). In comparison to control dogs, the end diastolic volume (EDV) and left venticular mass (LVM) of infected dogs were significantly reduced (p<0.05). The ejection fraction (EF) and fractional shortening (FS) of infected dogs were not statistically different from control dogs (P>0.05). While the reduced end systolic volume index of infected dogs may be due to their smaller systolic ventricular dimension, LVM reduction in infected dogs may be attributable to cardiac muscle necrosis. The stability in both EF and FS of infected dogs may result from left ventricular compensatory efforts against sepsis induced myocardial depression. The preload and after load dependent nature of EF and FS make them unsuitable as candidate markers of myocardial dysfunction in acute canine trypanosomiasis
Key words: diameter, dog, echocardiogram, ventricle, volume
Karami Kheirabad, M., b. Namavar Jahromi, f. Rahmanifar, A. Tamadon, M. Owjfard, N. Tanideh & O. Koohi-Hosseinabadi, 2016. Effects of antiglucocorticoid pretreatment on testes in chronically stressed adult rats – a histomorphometric study. Bulg. J. Vet. Med., 2016, 19, No 4, 281–289. DOI: 10.15547/bjvm.932
Male fertility and reproduction can be affected by stress. The aim of the present study was histomorphometric evaluation of the role of glucocorticoids during chronic restraint stress on spermatogenesis. Twenty four male adult Sprague-Dawley rats were allocated randomly to four equal groups; stress group, mifepristone (RU486)-treated group, stress/RU486 and control groups. In stress group, the rats were restrained 1 h/day for 12 days. In RU486 group, the rats were injected RU486 at a dose of 2.5 mg/kg for 12 days. In stress/RU486 group, the rats were injected RU486 1 h before the stress process for 12 days. The testes of the all groups were removed and on 10 circular transverse sections of tubules stained with hematoxylin-eosin, histomorphometric parameters including cellular (germinal epithelium) diameter and area of the seminiferous tubules, total diameter and cross sectional area, number of seminiferous tubules per unit area, and numerical density of the tubules of the seminiferous tubules were measured. Restraint stress reduced lumen diameter, thickness of germinal epithelium and numerical density of seminiferous tubules (P<0.05). This reduction was reversed by subcutaneous injection of the anti-glucocorticoid, RU486 prior to stress session (P<0.05). In conclusion, chronic stress acts on testicular tissue via glucocorticoid receptors to suppress spermatogenesis in male rats.
Key words: chronic stress, glucocorticoid receptor, histomorphometry, rats, spermatogenesisAliabadi, A., A. Javaheri, A. Esfandiari & H. Ghahramani, 2016. Antioxidant effects of silymarin on ischaemia-reperfusion injuries of the rabbit retina. Bulg. J. Vet. Med., 2016, 19, No 4, 290–298. DOI: 10.15547/bjvm.929
Retinal ischaemia is known as the main reason of blindness in disease such as closed angle glaucoma and diabetes. The aim of this study was to investigate the protective effect of silymarin in injuries induced by ischaemic-reperfusion of rabbit eyes. Thirty male adult New Zealand white rabbits were divided into three groups of ten animals each. All animals in the two experimental groups underwent bilateral common carotid ligation for 60 min. After 48 hours reperfusion all animals were sacrificed. silymarin-treated group received 250 mg/kg of silymarin 48 h before surgery, placebo-treated group received same volume of normal saline as experimental group I, without any medication and control group was non-ischaemic and untreated. After processing, retinal histology samples were investigated by electron microscopy. The concentration of lipid peroxides in retinas was measured. Histology results of this experiment revealed that in the reperfusion groups, the group that received no treatment had major signs and silymarin group had minor signs of pathology. The loss of outer segments, scattered and disorganised inner segments were observed in placebo-treated group, but in silymarin-treated group the outer segment was normal and inner segments were organised. On the other hand, some pyknotic, condensed, and karyorrhexis nuclei in the outer nuclear layer were obvious in placebo-treated group. Measurement of concentration of lipid peroxides in the retina also showed a significant decrease in malondialdehyde (MDA) level in silymarin-treated group.
Key
words:
ischaemia-reperfusion, rabbits, silymarin
Sylejmani, D., n. Ramadani, a. Robaj & a. Hamidi, 2016. Prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility of bacterial isolates from subclinical mastitis in dairy farms in Kosovo. Bulg. J. Vet. Med., 19, No 4, 299–307. DOI: 10.15547/bjvm.938.
The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of subclinical mastitis in dairy cows in Kosovo and the antimicrobial susceptibility of isolated bacteria. Six hundred and twenty four milk samples from individual quarters of 156 lactating cows were tested using California Mastitis Test (CMT) and the positive samples were further analysed using conventional methods for isolation of main mastitis causing agents and finally identified using biochemical tests. The overall prevalence of subclinical mastitis was 25.6%. Twenty one mastitis positive cows belonged to Holstein Friesian breed, 11 to Simmental and 8 were crossbred. Regarding age susceptibility, 13 cows resulting positive in the CMT test were 2–5 years of age and the other 27: 6–9 years of age. A total of 112 bacterial isolates were recovered. The most prevalent species were Staphylococcus aureus (28.6%) followed by coagulase negative staphylococci (21.4%), E. coli (13.4%), Streptococcus agalactiae (14.3%), Streptococcus dysgalactiae (3.6%), Streptococcus uberis (6.2%), Corynebacterium spp. (8%), and Bacillus spp. (4.5%). The isolates were subjected to antimicrobial susceptibility test using the disc diffusion method. In vitro tests of bacterial isolates revealed higher sensitivity to amoxycillin/clavulanic acid, oxytetracycline, trimethoprim and gentamicin. The lowest susceptibility was shown to penicillin and streptomycin except for Corynebacterium spp. and Bacillus spp.
Key
words:
bacterial pathogens, CMT, dairy cows, subclinical mastitis
Ivanov, L., M. Hristov & R. Peshev, 2016. Studies on cultural characteristics of contagious ecthyma (Orf) virus. Bulg. J. Vet. Med., 19, No 4, 308–316. DOI: 10.15547/bjvm.933.
Ecthyma contagiosum is a viral disease of sheep and goats, which is caused by Parapoxvirus. Primary cell cultures of lamb testis, lamb kidney, rabbit kidney and permanent cell lines: foetal sheep kidney (FSK), sheep foetal thymus (SFT), sheep foetal muscle (SFM), sheep plexus choroideus (SPC), bovine trachea (BTR), embryonic bovine trachea (EBTR), Madin Darby bovine kidney (MDBK) and baby hamster kidney (BHK 21) were used. For inoculation of the cell cultures, 10% suspensions of scabs in PBS or nasal swabs from Orf infected sheep and goats were used. The vaccinal strain Phylaxia was used as reference. Reproduction of isolates was controlled daily by assessment of the cytopathic effect and dynamics was monitored on 5 types of cell cultures after 10 consecutive passages. Intracellular, extracellular and total virus titres were determined. The viral replication in cell cultures was confirmed by PCR. Most sensitive to the virus were the primary and permanent cell cultures of sheep and rabbit origin, the least sensitive were the permanent cell cultures. Over the permanent cell cultures monolayer changes appeared on 3rd–4th day, then increased, and between the 5th and 7th days covered most space until the 7th–12th day when complete lost of monolayer was observed. Viral yield of EBTR and MDBK varied from log103.33 to log 103.76 TCID50/mL. Cytopathic effect after stationary culturing was found by hour 12–24: later then the roller cultivation and the viral titres were by 0.5 to 1.0 log10 lower. DNA from 045 gene, 392 bp of size, was amplified successfully by PCR. The primary and permanent cell cultures of sheep origin were the most suitable for cultivation of Orf viruses, because the viruses were multiplied in highest quantity. Upon use of primary and permanent cell cultures of sheep origin, the cytophatic effect was the strongest and depended on the type of cultivation: roller or stationary. The used PCR variant was able to confirm the Orf virus in samples as well as in cell cultures.
Key
words:
cell
culture, Orf virus, PCR
Chalmeh, A., M. Pourjafar, S. Nazifi, F. Momenifar & M. Mohamadi, 2016. Relationships among circulating metabolic biomarkers in healthy high-producing holstein dairy cows in different physiological states. Bulg. J. Vet. Med., 19, No 4, 317–327. DOI: 10.15547/bjvm.898.
Information regarding metabolic profile in different physiological sates of dairy cows can assist vete-rinarians to monitor the herd health and productive performance. Furthermore, the relationships among the metabolic parameters can be used to detect the effect of each parameter on another one. The aim of the current research was to clarify the interactions among metabolic parameters in differ-ent physiological states of high producing Holstein dairy cows. The present study was carried out on 25 multiparous Holstein dairy cows divided into 5 equal groups: early, mid and late lactation; far-off and close-up dry. Blood samples were collected from all cows through jugular venipuncture and sera were separated to evaluate glucose, insulin, β-hydroxybutyric acid (BHBA), non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA), triglyceride, cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein, low-density lipoprotein and very low-density lipoprotein. There were negative and significant correlations between insulin and glucose in all studied groups (P<0.05). The correlation coefficients among insulin and both NEFA and BHBA in all cows were negative. In all studied groups, the negative correlations were seen among glucose and both NEFA and BHBA. In all studied groups, glucose and insulin were negatively correlated with lipid profile. The correlation between BHBA and NEFA was positive, strong and significant in all groups (P<0.05). In all studied groups, BHBA and NEFA were positively correlated with lipid profile but no significant correlations were seen among them (P>0.05). The correlations among studied metabolic parameters showed that providing the energy demands can prevent the ketogenic and lipolytic metabolisms in high producing dairy cows. Furthermore, information regarding the correla-tions among circulating metabolic parameters can be used to estimate the changing patterns of each metabolic parameter via evaluating another one
Key words: correlation, energy demands, metabolic biomarkers, Holstein dairy cows
Golic, B., O. Stevanovic, D. N. Nedic & J. Maric, 2016. Serological survey of avian influenza virus infection of backyard chickens in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Bulg. J. Vet. Med., 19, No 4, 328–333. DOI: 10.15547/bjvm.884
The aim of this research is to examine seroprevalence of avian influenza (AI) in backyard chickens from several localities in the entity of the Republic of Srpska, Bosnia and Herzegovina. Up to date there was no previous research in this topic. Our study, using ELISA test, confirmed the presence of AIV antibodies in 2.87% of examined chicken sera samples. These serological findings show lower prevalence compared to other studies from countries with previously recorded AI outbrakes. Nevertheless, AI remains a significant risk for public health and poultry industry output in the Republic of Srpska. This is first serological survey of AI in domestic birds from Bosnia and Herzegovina.
Key words: avian infuenza, Bosnia and Herzegovina chickens, Republic of SrpskaKalkanov, I., I. Dinev, K. Dimitrov & P. Iliev, 2016. Clinical and morphological investigations in a spontaneous cryptosporidium enteritis outbreak in calves. Bulg. J. Vet. Med., 19, No 4, 334–339.. DOI: 10.15547/bjvm.924.
The purpose of this report was to present the results of histopathological examination during the course of a natural cryptosporidium parvum outbreak, as well as the morphology of cells infiltrating affected gastrointestinal tract areas in newborn calves. The study included 18 calves exhibiting a marked diarrhoeic syndrome, between 1 and 8 days of age. Sporulated C. parvum oocysts were demonstrated in faecal smears stained by the method of Henriksen. Coproantigens of C. parvum were detected by the rapid Rainbow calf scour 5 BIO K 306 test. Gross lesions were mainly present in the gastrointestinal tract, together with inflammation in regional mesenteric lymph nodes. Microscopic histopathological lesions consisted mainly in desquamative catarrh of intestinal mucosa and intestinal villous atrophy. The affected intestinal epithelium contained multiple Cryptosporidium spp. forms at different stage of the life cycle. The results from histopathological studies of the outbreak allowed confirming some main morphogenetic features of the disease caused by C. parvum in newborn and growing calves.
Key words: calves, Cryptosporidium parvum, cryptosporidiosis, pathologyMihaylov, G., I. Tsachev, V. Petrov, P. Marutsov, G. Zhelev, K. Koev & R. Mihaylov, 2016. A clinical case of Trichophyton menthagrophytes and Microsporum canis co-infection in a Siberian tiger (Panthera tigris altaicа). Bulg. J. Vet. Med., 19, No 4, 340–345. DOI: 10.15547/bjvm.940.
A clinical case of co-infection with Trichophyton menthagrophytes and Microsporum canis in a Siberian tiger (Panthera tigris altaicа) is described. Clinical and laboratory mycological examinations were carried out. Two dermatophytic species were isolated from hairs, crusts and swab samples from different parts of the cage. A systemic oral therapy with itraconazole (Sporanox, Janssen) at a dose of 10 mg/kg with food was initiated and body surface was treated with 0.2% enilconazole solution (Imaverol, Janssen). The skin lesions of the tiger healed after the treatments, but recurred a month later. We recommended a thourough disinfection of the cage area inhabited by tigers and inventory in it. The therapeutic protocol was repeated. Clinical signs disappeared. Information about disease recurrence was obtained.
Key
words:
dermatophytosis, Microsporum canis, Panthera tigris altaicа,
treatment, Trichophyton menthagrophytes